What Do You Call a Word That Reads the Same Both Ways

Phrases that read the same backwards

A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same astern as forward, such as madam or racecar. There are also numeric palindromes, including date/time stamps using short digits xi/eleven/eleven 11:eleven and long digits 02/02/2020. For instance; Tuesday, 22 Feb 2022 is considered a palindrome day (22022022 using dd-mm-yyyy format) as it tin be read from left to right or vice versa. Sentence-length palindromes ignore capitalization, punctuation, and discussion boundaries.

Composing literature in palindromes is an example of constrained writing.

The word palindrome was introduced by Henry Peacham in 1638.^[1] It is derived from the Greek roots πάλιν 'again' and δρóμος 'way, direction'; a unlike discussion is used in Greek, καρκινικός 'carcinic' (lit. crab-like) to refer to letter-by-alphabetic character reversible writing.^{[2] [3]}

History [edit]

The aboriginal Greek poet Sotades (third century BCE) invented a form of Ionic meter called Sotadic or Sotadean verse, which is sometimes said to accept been palindromic,^[four] but no examples survive,^[v] and the exact nature of the "reverse" readings is unclear.^{[6] [7] [8]}

A palindrome was plant as a graffito at Herculaneum, a urban center buried by ash in 79 CE. This palindrome, called the Sator Foursquare, consists of a judgement written in Latin: "Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas" ("The sower Arepo holds with endeavor the wheels"). It is remarkable for the fact that the first letters of each word form the offset give-and-take, the 2nd letters form the 2d word, and so along. Hence, it can be arranged into a give-and-take foursquare that reads in four different ways: horizontally or vertically from either tiptop left to lesser right or bottom right to top left. As such, they can be referred to as palindromatic.^{[ commendation needed ]}

A palindrome with the same square property is the Hebrew palindrome, "Nosotros explained the glutton who is in the honey was burned and incinerated", (פרשנו רעבתן שבדבש נתבער ונשרף; perashnu: ra`avtan shebad'vash nitba`er venisraf), credited to Abraham ibn Ezra in 1924,^[nine] and referring to the halachic question as to whether a fly landing in dearest makes the beloved treif (non-kosher).

The palindromic Latin riddle "In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni" ("we go in a circle at night and are consumed by fire") describes the behavior of moths. It is probable that this palindrome is from medieval rather than ancient times. The second give-and-take, borrowed from Greek, should properly be spelled gyrum.

Byzantine baptismal fonts were often inscribed with the palindrome, ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ ("Nipson anomēmata mē monan opsin") 'Wash [your] sins, not but [your] face up', attributed to Gregory of Nazianzus;^[5] most notably in the basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. A variant, also a palindrome, replaces the plural ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ("sins") by the atypical ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑ ("sin"). The inscription is found on fonts in many churches in Western Europe: Orléans (St. Menin's Abbey); Dulwich College; Nottingham (St. Mary's); Worlingworth; Harlow; Knapton; London (St Martin, Ludgate); and Hadleigh (Suffolk).

A Greek poet in 1802 Vienna fifty-fifty equanimous a poem, Ποίημα Καρκινικόν (Carcinic Poem), in Ancient Greek, where every i of the 455 lines was a palindrome.^{[x] [11]}

In English, there are dozens of palindrome words, such as eye, madam, and deified, simply English language writers generally only cited Latin and Greek palindromic sentences in the early 19th century,^[12] even though John Taylor had coined one in 1614: "Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel" (with the ampersand being something of a "fudge"^[thirteen]). This is more often than not considered to be the offset English language-linguistic communication palindrome judgement, and was long reputed (notably by the grammarian James "Hermes" Harris) to be the merely one, despite many efforts to observe others.^{[10] [14]} (Taylor had also equanimous two other, "rather indifferent", palindromic lines of poesy: "Deer Madam, Reed", "Deem if I meed".^[4]) Then in 1848, a certain "J.T.R." coined "Able was I ere I saw Elba", which became famous after it was (implausibly) attributed to Napoleon.^{[15] [14]}

In recent history, there accept been competitions related to palindromes, such as the 2012 World Palindrome Title, prepare in Brooklyn, United states.^[16]

Some well-known English language palindromes are, "Able was I ere I saw Elba" (1848),^{[17] [18]} "A homo, a program, a canal – Panama" (1948),^[xix] "Madam, I'm Adam" (1861),^[xx] and "Never odd or fifty-fifty".

English palindromes of notable length include mathematician Peter Hilton's "Dr., note: I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod"^[21] and Scottish poet Alastair Reid's "T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is pitiful; I'd assign it a proper noun: gnat clay upset on drab pot toilet."^[22]

Types [edit]

Characters, words, or lines [edit]

The most familiar palindromes in English are character-unit palindromes. The characters read the same backward equally forrad. Some examples of palindromic words are redivider, deified, borough, radar, level, rotor, kayak, reviver, racecar, madam, and refer.

There are also give-and-take-unit of measurement palindromes in which the unit of reversal is the discussion ("Is information technology crazy how proverb sentences backwards creates backwards sentences proverb how crazy it is?"). Word-unit palindromes were fabricated popular in the recreational linguistics community by J. A. Lindon in the 1960s. Occasional examples in English were created in the 19th century. Several in French and Latin date to the Middle Ages.^[23]

There are besides line-unit palindromes, nigh often poems. These possess an initial set of lines which, precisely halfway through, is repeated in reverse order, without alteration to word social club within each line, and in a way that the second half continues the "story" related in the first half in a way that makes sense, this last beingness central.^[24]

Sentences and phrases [edit]

Ambigram of the palindrome "Dogma I am God"

Palindromes ofttimes consist of a sentence or phrase, e.g., "Mr. Owl ate my metallic worm", "Do geese see God?", or "Was it a car or a cat I saw?". Punctuation, capitalization, and spaces are usually ignored. Some, such as "Rats live on no evil star", "Live on time, emit no evil", and "Pace on no pets", include the spaces.

Names [edit]

Some names are palindromes, such as the given names Hannah, Ava, Aviva, Anna, Eve, Bob and Otto, or the surnames Harrah, Renner, Salas, and Nenonen. Lon Nol (1913–1985) was Prime Minister of Cambodia. Nisio Isin is a Japanese novelist and manga writer, whose pseudonym (西尾 維新, Nishio Ishin) is a palindrome when romanized using the Kunrei-shiki or the Nihon-shiki systems, and is ofttimes written as NisiOisiN to emphasize this. Some people have changed their name in order to make information technology palindromic (such every bit actor Robert Trebor and stone-vocalist Ola Salo), while others were given a palindromic name at birth (such as the philologist Revilo P. Oliver, the flamenco dancer Sara Baras, the runner Anuța Cătună, the sportswriter Mark Kram and the creator of the Eden Project Tim Smit).

There are also palindromic names in fictional media. "Stanley Yelnats" is the name of the main character in Holes, a 1998 novel and 2003 flick. Four of the fictional Pokémon species have palindromic names in English (Eevee, Girafarig, Ho-Oh, and Alomomola), as does the region Alola.

The 1970s pop band ABBA is a palindrome using the starting letter of the first proper name of each of the four band members.

Numbers [edit]

The digits of a palindromic number are the same read backwards as forwards, for case, 91019; decimal representation is ordinarily assumed. In recreational mathematics, palindromic numbers with special properties are sought. For example, 191 and 313 are palindromic primes.

Whether Lychrel numbers be is an unsolved trouble in mathematics most whether all numbers become palindromes when they are continuously reversed and added. For example, 56 is not a Lychrel number as 56 + 65 = 121, and 121 is a palindrome. The number 59 becomes a palindrome afterward three iterations: 59 + 95 = 154; 154 + 451 = 605; 605 + 506 = 1111, so 59 is non a Lychrel number either. Numbers such equally 196 are idea to never become palindromes when this reversal process is carried out and are therefore suspected of existence Lychrel numbers. If a number is not a Lychrel number, it is chosen a "delayed palindrome" (56 has a delay of one and 59 has a delay of 3). In January 2017 the number one,999,291,987,030,606,810 was published in OEIS as A281509, and described as "The Largest Known Virtually Delayed Palindrome", with a filibuster of 261. Several smaller 261-delay palindromes were published separately every bit A281508.

Every positive integer can be written every bit the sum of three palindromic numbers in every number organization with base 5 or greater.^[25]

The connected fraction of √ n + ⌊√ n ⌋ is a repeating palindrome^{[ definition needed ]} when n is an integer, where ⌊ten⌋ denotes the integer role of x.^{[ citation needed ]}

Dates [edit]

A twenty-four hours or timestamp is a palindrome when its digits are the same when reversed. Merely the digits are considered in this determination and the component separators (hyphens, slashes, and dots) are ignored. Curt digits may be used every bit in 11/xi/eleven 11:11 or long digits as in ii Feb 2020.

A notable palindrome day is this century's 2 February 2020 because this engagement is a palindrome regardless of the date format by country (yyyy-mm-dd, dd-mm-yyyy, or mm-dd-yyyy) used in diverse countries. For this reason, this appointment has also been termed equally a "Universal Palindrome Twenty-four hours".^{[26] [27]} Other universal palindrome days include, virtually a millennium previously, 11/xi/1111, the future 12/12/2121, and in a millennium 03/03/3030.^[28]

In speech [edit]

A phonetic palindrome is a portion of speech that is identical or roughly identical when reversed. It tin can arise in context where language is played with, for case in slang dialects like verlan.^[29] In the French language, there is the phrase une Slave valse nue ("a Slavic woman waltzes naked"), phonemically /yn slav vals ny/ .^[30] John Oswald discussed his experience of phonetic palindromes while working on audio record versions of the cut-up technique using recorded readings past William S. Burroughs.^{[31] [32]} A list of phonetic palindromes discussed past discussion puzzle columnist O.5. Michaelsen (Ove Ofteness) include "crew piece of work"/"work crew", "dry out yard", "easy", "Funny plenty", "Let Bob tell", "new moon", "selfless", "Sorry, Ross", "Talk, Scott", "to boot", "peak spot" (also an orthographic palindrome), "Y'all lie", "You're caught. Talk, Roy", and "You lot're damn mad, Roy".^[33]

Classical music [edit]

Eye part of palindrome in Alban Berg's opera Lulu

Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 47 in G is nicknamed "the Palindrome". In the third movement, a minuet and trio, the second one-half of the minuet is the aforementioned as the get-go but backwards, the 2nd one-half of the ensuing trio similarly reflects the first half, and and then the minuet is repeated.

The interlude from Alban Berg's opera Lulu is a palindrome,^[34] as are sections and pieces, in arch form, by many other composers, including James Tenney, and most famously Béla Bartók. George Crumb also used musical palindrome to text pigment the Federico García Lorca poem "¿Por qué nací?", the beginning movement of three in his fourth book of Madrigals. Igor Stravinsky's final limerick, The Owl and the Pussy Cat, is a palindrome.^{[35] [ unreliable source? ]}

The first motility from Constant Lambert's ballet Horoscope (1938) is entitled "Palindromic Prelude". Lambert claimed that the theme was dictated to him by the ghost of Bernard van Dieren, who had died in 1936.^{[36] [ unreliable source? ]}

British composer Robert Simpson as well composed music in the palindrome or based on palindromic themes; the slow motion of his Symphony No. 2 is a palindrome, equally is the slow motion of his Cord Quartet No. one. His hour-long String Quartet No. 9 consists of thirty-two variations and a fugue on a palindromic theme of Haydn (from the minuet of his Symphony No. 47). All of Simpson'south 30-two variations are themselves palindromic.

Hin und Zurück ("At that place and Back": 1927) is an operatic 'sketch' (Op. 45a) in one scene by Paul Hindemith, with a German libretto past Marcellus Schiffer. It is essentially a dramatic palindrome. Through the get-go half, a tragedy unfolds betwixt two lovers, involving jealousy, murder and suicide. Then, in the reversing 2nd half, this is replayed with the lines sung in reverse social club to produce a happy ending.

The music of Anton Webern is often palindromic. Webern, who had studied the music of the Renaissance composer Heinrich Isaac, was extremely interested in symmetries in music, be they horizontal or vertical. An case of horizontal or linear symmetry in Webern's music is the commencement phrase in the second movement of the symphony, Op. 21. A hit example of vertical symmetry is the second movement of the Piano Variations, Op. 27, in which Webern arranges every pitch of this dodecaphonic piece of work around the key pitch axis of A4. From this, each downwardly reaching interval is replicated exactly in the opposite management. For example, a G ♯ 3—xiii half-steps downwards from A4 is replicated as a B ♭ v—13 one-half-steps in a higher place.

Simply as the messages of a exact palindrome are not reversed, then are the elements of a musical palindrome usually presented in the same form in both halves. Although these elements are usually unmarried notes, palindromes may be made using more complex elements. For example, Karlheinz Stockhausen's composition Mixtur, originally written in 1964, consists of twenty sections, called "moments", which may be permuted in several different ways, including retrograde presentation, and ii versions may be made in a single program. When the composer revised the piece of work in 2003, he prescribed such a palindromic functioning, with the 20 moments first played in a "frontward" version, and then "backwards". Each moment, yet, is a complex musical unit, and is played in the same direction in each half of the plan.^[37] Past contrast, Karel Goeyvaerts's 1953 electronic limerick, Nummer 5 (met zuivere tonen) is an verbal palindrome: not but does each consequence in the second half of the piece occur according to an axis of symmetry at the heart of the work, merely each event itself is reversed, and then that the notation attacks in the first one-half become note decays in the 2nd, and vice versa. Information technology is a perfect example of Goeyvaerts'south aesthetics, the perfect example of the imperfection of perfection.^[38]

In classical music, a crab canon is a canon in which one line of the melody is reversed in fourth dimension and pitch from the other. A large-scale musical palindrome covering more than ane movement is called "chiastic", referring to the cantankerous-shaped Greek letter "χ" (pronounced /ˈkaɪ/.) This is usually a form of reference to the crucifixion; for example, the Crucifixus move of Bach's Mass in B modest. The purpose of such palindromic balancing is to focus the listener on the cardinal motility, much as ane would focus on the centre of the cross in the crucifixion. Other examples are constitute in Bach's cantata BWV iv, Christ lag in Todes Banden, Handel'southward Messiah and Fauré's Requiem.^[39]

A tabular array catechism is a rectangular piece of sail music intended to be played past ii musicians facing each other beyond a table with the music between them, with one musician viewing the music upside downward compared to the other. The result is somewhat like two speakers simultaneously reading the Sator Square from reverse sides, except that it is typically in two-office polyphony rather than in unison.^{[ citation needed ]}

Long palindromes [edit]

The longest palindromic give-and-take in the Oxford English Lexicon is the onomatopoeic tattarrattat, coined by James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) for a knock on the door.^{[40] [41]} The Guinness Volume of Records gives the title to detartrated, the preterite and past participle of detartrate, a chemical term meaning to remove tartrates. Rotavator, a trademarked name for an agricultural automobile, is often listed in dictionaries. The term redivider is used by some writers, simply appears to be an invented or derived term—only redivide and redivision appear in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary. Malayalam, a language of southern India, is of equal length.

In English, ii palindromic novels accept been published: Satire: Veritas by David Stephens (1980, 58,795 letters), and Dr Awkward & Olson in Oslo by Lawrence Levine (1986, 31,954 words).^[42] Another palindromic English work is a 224-word long poem, "Dammit I'g Mad", written by Demetri Martin.^[43] "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Bob" is composed entirely of palindromes.^[44]

According to Guinness Globe Records, the Finnish 19-letter of the alphabet word saippuakivikauppias (a soapstone vendor), is the world'southward longest palindromic word in everyday use.^[45]

Biological structures [edit]

In most genomes or sets of genetic instructions, palindromic motifs are plant. The meaning of palindrome in the context of genetics is slightly different, nonetheless, from the definition used for words and sentences. Since the Deoxyribonucleic acid is formed by two paired strands of nucleotides, and the nucleotides always pair in the same way (Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)), a (unmarried-stranded) sequence of Deoxyribonucleic acid is said to exist a palindrome if it is equal to its complementary sequence read backward. For example, the sequence ACCTAGGT is palindromic because its complement is TGGATCCA, which is equal to the original sequence in contrary complement.

A palindromic Dna sequence may grade a hairpin. Palindromic motifs are fabricated by the lodge of the nucleotides that specify the complex chemicals (proteins) that, equally a consequence of those genetic instructions, the cell is to produce. They have been specially researched in bacterial chromosomes and in the so-called Bacterial Interspersed Mosaic Elements (BIMEs) scattered over them. Recently^{[ when? ]} a research genome sequencing project discovered that many of the bases on the Y-chromosome are arranged every bit palindromes.^[46] A palindrome structure allows the Y-chromosome to repair itself by bending over at the centre if i side is damaged.

It is believed that palindromes frequently are also institute in proteins,^{[47] [48]} but their role in the protein function is not conspicuously known. It has recently^[49] been suggested that the prevalence existence of palindromes in peptides might be related to the prevalence of low-complication regions in proteins, as palindromes frequently are associated with low-complication sequences. Their prevalence might likewise exist related to an alpha helical formation propensity of these sequences,^[49] or in germination of proteins/poly peptide complexes.^[50]

Computation theory [edit]

In automata theory, a set of all palindromes in a given alphabet is a typical example of a language that is context-gratuitous, but not regular. This ways that information technology is impossible for a computer with a finite corporeality of retentiveness to reliably examination for palindromes. (For applied purposes with modern computers, this limitation would apply merely to impractically long letter-sequences.)

In addition, the set of palindromes may not be reliably tested by a deterministic pushdown automaton which also means that they are not LR(yard)-parsable or LL(k)-parsable. When reading a palindrome from left-to-right, information technology is, in essence, impossible to locate the "middle" until the entire discussion has been read completely.

It is possible to discover the longest palindromic substring of a given input string in linear time.^{[51] [52]}

The palindromic density of an infinite word west over an alphabet A is defined to be aught if only finitely many prefixes are palindromes; otherwise, letting the palindromic prefixes exist of lengths due north _thousand for one thousand=1,2,... nosotros define the density to be

${\displaystyle d_{P}(w)=\left({\limsup _{1000\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {n_{k+1}}{n_{k}}}}\right)^{-1}\ .}$

Amidst aperiodic words, the largest possible palindromic density is achieved by the Fibonacci word, which has density 1/φ, where φ is the Gilded ratio.^[53]

A palstar is a chain of palindromic strings, excluding the fiddling one-letter palindromes – otherwise all strings would be palstars.^[51]

Notable palindromists [edit]

• Dmitry Avaliani (1938–2003)
• Howard Bergerson (1922–2011)
• Hugo Brandt Corstius (1935–2014) symmys
• Simo Frangén (b. 1963)
• Pasi Heikura (b. 1963)
• Velimir Khlebnikov (1885–1922)
• J. A. Lindon (built-in c. 1914–1979)
• Leigh Mercer (1893–1977) best known for devising the palindrome "A man, a programme, a canal: Panama!"
• Georges Perec (1936–1982)
• Marking Saltveit (b. 1961)
• Anthony Etherin (b. 1981)
• Su Hui (poet) (unknown nativity and death dates)
• Infant Grandfather (unknown nascence date)

Come across too [edit]

• Ambigram
• Anagram
• Ananym
• Anastrophe, different discussion social club
• Antimetabole
• Backmasking
• Chiasmus
• Constrained writing
• Crab catechism
• Eodermdrome
• "I Palindrome I" by They Might Be Giants
• List of palindromic places
• Mirror writing
• Palindroma, a genus of spiders with palindromic species names
• Palindromic number
• Palindromic polynomial
• Pangram
• Yreka, California for the palindromic Yreka Bakery and Yrella Gallery

References [edit]

1. ^ Henry Peacham, The Truth of our Times Revealed out of One Mans Experience, 1638, p. 123
2. ^ Triantaphylides Dictionary, Portal for the Greek Language. "Combined word search for καρκινικός". world wide web.greek-linguistic communication.gr . Retrieved 6 May 2019.
3. ^ William Martin Leake, Researches in Greece, 1814, p. 85
4. ^ ^{a b} H.B. Wheatley, Of Anagrams: A Monograph Treating of Their History from the Earliest Ages..., London, 1862, p. 9-11
5. ^ ^{a b} Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclopedia of Verse and Poetics, 1965, JSTOR j.ctt13x0qvn, s.5. 'palindrome', p. 596
6. ^ Jan Kwapisz, The Paradign of Simias: Essays on Poetic Eccentricity, p. 62-68
7. ^ Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclopedia of Verse and Poetics, 1965, JSTOR j.ctt13x0qvn, s.v. 'Sotadean', p. 784
8. ^ The Century Dictionary, 1889, due south.v. 'Sotadic', p. 5:5780. "Sotadic poesy... A palindromic poetry; so named evidently from some ancient examples of Sotadean poesy beingness palindromic."
9. ^ Soclof, Adam (28 December 2011). "Jewish Wordplay". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 21 November 2016.
10. ^ ^{a b} "On Palindromes" The New Monthly Mag two:170-173 (July–Dec 1821)
11. ^ Αμβρόσιος Ιερομόναχος του Παμπέρεως (Hieromonk Ambrosios Pamperis), Ποίημα Καρκινικόν, Vienna, 1802 full text
12. ^ Southward(ilvanus) Urban, "Classical Literature: On Macaronic Poetry", The Gentleman'south Magazine, or Monthly Intelligencer, London, 100:part two:34-36 (New Series 23) (July 1830)
13. ^ Richard Lederer, The Word Circus: A Alphabetic character-perfect Book, 1998, ISBN 0877793549, p.54
14. ^ ^{a b} "Ingenious Arrangement of Words", The Gazette of the Matrimony, Gilded Rule, and Odd Fellows' Family Companion 9:30 (July 8, 1848)
15. ^ "Able Was I Ere I Saw Elba", Quote Investigator September xv, 2013
16. ^ Steinmetz, Katy (4 April 2015). ""Madam, I'm Adam": Meet the World Palindrome Champion". Time . Retrieved two February 2020.
17. ^ Alluding to the outset exile of Napoleon to Elba
18. ^ "Doings in Baltimore". Gazette of the marriage, golden rule and Odd-fellows' family companion. 9 (two): 30. July 8, 1848.
19. ^ By Leigh Mercer, published in Notes and Queries, 13 Nov 1948, co-ordinate to The Yale Book of Quotations, F. R. Shapiro, ed. (2006, ISBN 0-300-10798-6).
20. ^ Exercise you lot give it up?: A collection of the most amusing conundrums, riddles, etc. of the day, London, 1861, p. 4
21. ^ "Professor Peter Hilton". Daily Telegraph. London. 10 November 2010. Retrieved thirty April 2011.
22. ^ Past Brendan Gill, published in Here At The New Yorker, (1997, ISBN 0-306-80810-two).
23. ^ Mark J. Nelson (7 February 2012). "Give-and-take-unit palindromes". Retrieved 18 Nov 2012.
24. ^ "Never Odd Or Even, and Other Tricks Words Can Do" by O.V. Michaelsen (Sterling Publishing Company: New York), 2005 p124-7
25. ^ Cilleruelo, Javier; Luca, Florian; Baxter, Lewis (19 February 2016). "Every positive integer is a sum of three palindromes". arXiv:1602.06208 [math.NT].
26. ^ "Universal Palindrome Twenty-four hours". two February 2020.
27. ^ "#PalindromeDay: Geeks around the world gloat 02/02/2020". BBC. 2 Feb 2020.
28. ^ Held, Amy (2 February 2020). "Why A Day Like Lord's day Hasn't Been Seen In 900 Years". NPR.
29. ^ Goertz, Karein Grand. (2003). "Showing Her Colors: An Afro-German Writes the Blues in Black and White". Callaloo. 26 (two): 306–319. doi:10.1353/cal.2003.0045. JSTOR 3300855. S2CID 161346520.
30. ^ Durand, Gerard (2003). Palindromes en Folie. Les Dossiers de l'Aquitaine. p. 32. ISBN978-2846220361.
31. ^ "Department titled "On Burroughs and Burrows ..."". Pfony.com. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
32. ^ Reversible sound cut-ups of William S. Burroughs' phonation, including an acoustic palindrome in example 5 (requires Wink)
33. ^ Michaelsen, O.V. (1998). Words at play: quips, quirks and oddities. Sterling.
34. ^ "Lulu". British Library . Retrieved 2021-08-07 .
35. ^ A helpful list is at http://deconstructing-jim.blogspot.com/2010/03/musical-palindromes.html
36. ^ "Answers.com". Answers.com. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
37. ^ Rudolf Frisius, Karlheinz Stockhausen Ii: Die Werke 1950–1977; Gespräch mit Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Es geht aufwärts" (Mainz, London, Berlin, Madrid, New York, Paris, Prague, Tokyo, Toronto: Schott Musik International, 2008): 164–65. ISBN 978-three-7957-0249-half-dozen.
38. ^ 1000[orag] J[osephine] Grant, Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-state of war Europe (Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001): 64–65.
39. ^ Charton, Shawn Eastward. Jennens vs. Handel: Decoding the Mysteries of Messiah.
40. ^ James Joyce (1982). Ulysses. Editions Artisan Devereaux. pp. 434–. ISBN978-1-936694-38-9. ...I was just start to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ...
41. ^ O.A. Booty (one January 2002). Funny Side of English. Pustak Mahal. pp. 203–. ISBN978-81-223-0799-three. The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters: tattarrattat. This word, actualization in the Oxford English Lexicon, was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses (1922), and is an faux of the sound of someone ...
42. ^ Eckler, Ross (1996). Making the Alphabet Dance. NY: St. Martin's. p. 36. ISBN978-0-333-90334-6.
43. ^ "Demetri Martin's Palindrome". Yale University. Mathematics Department. Archived from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 17 Feb 2014.
44. ^ Twardzik, Tom (2016-10-25). "Celebrate Bob Dylan's Nobel with Weird Al". Popdust . Retrieved fifteen June 2021.
45. ^ "Longest palindromic word". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
46. ^ "2003 Release: Mechanism Preserves Y Chromosome Factor". National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) . Retrieved 21 November 2017.
47. ^ Ohno S (1990). "Intrinsic evolution of proteins. The part of peptidic palindromes". Riv. Biol. 83 (2–three): 287–91, 405–10. PMID 2128128.
48. ^ Giel-Pietraszuk G, Hoffmann M, Dolecka S, Rychlewski J, Barciszewski J (February 2003). "Palindromes in proteins". J. Protein Chem. 22 (2): 109–13. doi:x.1023/A:1023454111924. PMID 12760415. S2CID 28294669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2011-02-17 .
49. ^ ^{a b} Sheari A, Kargar M, Katanforoush A, et al. (2008). "A tale of two symmetrical tails: structural and functional characteristics of palindromes in proteins". BMC Bioinformatics. 9: 274. doi:x.1186/1471-2105-9-274. PMC2474621. PMID 18547401.
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Farther reading [edit]

• Discussion Means: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics. Greenwood Periodicals et al., 1968–. ISSN 0043-7980.
• The Palindromist. Palindromist Press, 1996–.
• Howard W. Bergerson. Palindromes and Anagrams. Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 978-0486206646.
• Dmitri A.Borgman. Language on Vacation. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965. ISBN 978-0006523086
• Stephen J. Chism. From A to Zotamorf: The Dictionary of Palindromes. Word Means Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0963515209.
• Michael Donner. I Love Me, Vol. I: South. Wordrow's Palindrome Encyclopedia. Algonquin Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1565121096.

External links [edit]

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Palindrome". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. twenty (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. p. 633.
• "Palindromes". Several languages. European Solar day of Languages (EDL). Historic Sep 26

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome

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